1
  -2024
.. 
 
: 3     :75
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.    -    
2.     -    
-
3.     -  
4.    -   ?
-
5.   ' -    
6.         ?
2
 -
7.        ?
8.    ?   /     
  -2024
.. 
 
: 3     :75
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.    -    
:     - 
       
 ,  ,  
                
               
  
  ()      (),     
    
-             
    
3
    
   (      )         
 ,   ,      (  )  
   ,             
     
    
1.  ( )
2.  ()
3. 
4. 
5.  
6. 
7. - ( )
8. 
9. 
10.  
1.  (  )
        ,      
  
               
 ,      
               
  
            -    
     
2.  ()
          
  ,    (    ) 
   
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     ,      
  
    
   " "  ,   '    
3. 
       
       
    
    ,         

     ""    ,   
 
4. 
   , -         

       
           , 
       
5.   (SR)
             
    ,       
      ,     
    
     -   '       ,  SR
   
6.  (  )
            
 

       ,       
     
           ,  
   
5
7. - ( )
             

               
     ,  -     ,  
 
           
8. 
      
      

:
1.  ( ) -    '     
2.  ( )-    ,    
  
               
  ,     
9.  (   )
           
             
  
   ,          
 
      -  
 
 ,     
,     
10.   (  )
        
           
     ,   
    ,  
  
         -      
  
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       ?
   ,        :
1.   
   
2.       
3.       
4. -      
 
5.       
6.  (  )     
 ,  
    
7.   ,     
          ,         

     ,             
          ,         
      ,       

              
             
2.     -    
:     
        -          
             ,  
,              
 
              ,  
          600    ,    
      :
1.   ( )
2.   ( )
3.    (  )
7
               
             
1.   ( )
               
         
 
 
 '             
 
    ()   
   
,         
      
      
   
:     ,      
:      ,     
:         ,    
 
:    ,      
  :       ,      
  

         
   (

 ),      ,       ,
        
 
2.   ( )
       ,   ,    
             
   
         
-      
       


   
  
      
8
            
           
          
   
  :      
  :     - 
    :        

 :         
  :       

             
  ,           
    
    
3.    (  )
                 
  
,    ,         
            
    
           
     
     '       ( ,
     )
     
-:    ,         
  
    :       100,000   
   :              
     
9

                   ,
         
     

 
 
  


 ()
 ()
 ()

  

 
  

 ()
- ()

()

  
  (,  
)
  

  
  

 

     
        
       -
        
 :
1.   :         
2.  :           
3.   :          
4. :      
  
 
5.  :        
    
      ,     
:
1.   '  : ,       
   
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2.   :,          
 
3.  :      
4.   :         
5.     :        ,  


        ,   ,      
         :   ( 
  ),   (        ),  
  (     )
      ,       
         , 
  
     
-
3.     -  
:     - 
-
             
            (WADA)  
  (IOC)           
   ,      
 ,      
 
    ,      -   
      , ,  ,      
  - ,     -    

1.   
11
   ?
            
   ,  
 ,    
 ,    
,         
   
󷃆󼽢       
󷃆󼽢     
󷃆󼽢     
    
󽅂       
󽅂   
󽅂   ( " "   )
󽅂   ( ,           
)
:
          ,     ,
 1988     100         (
 )            
2.  
  ?
      
 ,  
 ,   

     '    ,   -   
  
      
󹻂 -     
󹻂 -  
  (      )
󹻂  -   
  ( -    )
󹻂 -       
  
󷃆󼽢     
󷃆󼽢      
󷃆󼽢      
12
   
󽅂        
󽅂 
   
󽅂       
:
       1994      
            
3.  
   ?
            
               

 ,              
   
󹻂   -    ,    ,    
   
 
󹻂  (EPO) -           
󹻂   -        
 
   
󷃆󼽢     
󷃆󼽢     
󷃆󼽢      
    
󽅂     (       
 )
󽅂   
󽅂      
:
  ,         ,     
              ,   
     
4.  
13
   ?
            
  , ,        
   
󷃆󼽢     
󷃆󼽢     
󷃆󼽢     
    
󽅂     (       )
󽅂     
󽅂       
:
       ,         
              
,   
        
5.      
   ?
      '         
            
  
       
󹻂     (HGH) -      
 
󹻂  (EPO) -       
 
󹻂     (IGF-1) -       

   
󷃆󼽢       
󷃆󼽢     
󷃆󼽢      
    
󽅂   
󽅂     
󽅂      
14
:
 ,   , HGH          
                 
      
6. - 
-  ?
-       ,      
 ,
     
        
  (  ,   )
-  
󷃆󼽢    
 
󷃆󼽢       
󷃆󼽢       
 
-   
󽅂    
󽅂   
󽅂       
:
2012 ,     -     -
          

      ,          
            
   ,     -   
   
  
,    ,       
  
           ,   
  '     
        , 
     
     
15
4.    -   ?
:    
                
                   
               
 ,         
   ,    -       
   
1.  -   
             
   ,             
     :

 (, )

    
  
     :
  (,   )     
  ( ,   ) -   
       
:
         ()     
   
  
2.  -    
     ,   -     ,  
    '   
       
  
      :
    (, 
)
,   
16

 (),   
        ,       
   
:
 
        ,        
       
3.  -    
              (, , ,
 )              
     
      :
   (, ,   )
 (-3    )

      
  ,  ,           -
,     
:
             ()  
,   ()    
4.  -   
 -            :
()     (        )
1.  -        (,    
   )
2.  -        (  ,    
  )
3.  -       (,    
    )
17
4.   -       (      
 )
()     (  '    )
1.   - 
       (,    
   )
2.   -           (
,       )
:
               ,
  , ,   -       
5.  -  
        ,     ,
 ,          :
-     
  (, 
   
  )
-     (,        )   
 
-  
  (,       )
-      (,     
  )
:
                  
 
        
6.  -    
              :
     
  - 
  
    
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     :
  
   (, , )
  
:
   -     ,        
         ,       
7.  -  
            :
 
     
 
     :
  ( , )
  
  
 (, )
:
            -   , 
      
8.      
                
    :
:
        
  
 
19
  :
  
 ()  
 

  :
   
     
  
:
      , ,   

            , 
 ,   ,       ,    
         ,      
   ,   ,     , 
  
      
         ,      
 ,   
 ,      
   ,
            ! 󺚽󺚾󺛂󺛃󺚿󺛀󺛁
-
5.   ' -    
:   '  
            
 
             ,   
           ',  
             
      , 
  -  ,  
,       
20
1.      
               
  ,     ,       
  ,
   
 ,   ,      
 
󹻂 :             ' 

 ,              
         
:           ' 
             
       
2.   
        
,        
         ,      
         (UTIs)      
     
󹻂 :             , 
             
,        
:               
                 

3.     
              , 
            
  ,
      ,        
󹻂 :  '   ,           
,            
:   -            
            
           
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4.      
                 
        ,       
 ,        
󹻂 :      
 ,     
     ,        
    
:               
,        '     
    -         
5.  -  
          
,       
               
󹻂 :         -    
 
 ,       ,   
  
:                
  '        
6.       
      ,         

      ,           

󹻂 :        
,      
  ,              

:          
,       '      
7.      
         -    
 , 
                  
    
󹻂 :          
,    
      ,       
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:            '   
           
8. -  
   ,           ,  
        -      
   
󹻂 :     -     ,   
      
:              
   
    
9.       
        ,         
               
     
󹻂 :             
 
          
:            
          
       
10.    
    ,  -19, ,   (  )
              
   
      
 
󹻂 :          
      ,        
:            
           

            ' 
              ,
  ,    , -       
   ,  ,       
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  ,             
 
         
,   
       ,    ,    
       
6.         ?
:       
        ,  ,      
   -    ,         
       -          
 ,     , 
      
       , 
       
         
 :   
   ?
      , -     
,            ,  
     
 
   
1.  --         
2.    -    -      
     
3.   -  ,     ,    
 -  
 
4.   -            
  
5.  -          
6.  -         
 
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   
1.     -   
               
   :        
        
2.    
              
   :           
      
3.   - 
 -          
            :   
       '   
4.   
              -
      :       
 -     
5.    
              :
       -     
6.   
            : 
 " "         
7.      
       
         
     
 
8. 
   

           '    
       : ,    ' 
  
   '   
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 :    
   ?
       ,       ,   
       ,        
  
   
1.   - ,        
 
2.  -         
3.   - ,        
 
4.   -             (
        )
5.   -           
6. -  -        
   
1.      
,        '      ,  
    :           
   
2.     
,   -          '
    :           ,
     
3.    
              
      :    - 
   
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4.   
                 
:           '    
  
5.      
      
,         
    :        
      
6.    
              
'    
7.        
             , 
        :      
             
8.       
              
  :  ,           
 
9.      
     '            
    

       ,      
     ,        
 -   ,     ,      
 , 
         
-   ,     ,       
, 
           ,   
      ! 󷆫󷆪󹰎󹰏󹰐󹰑
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-
7.        ?
:       
                 
             ,  
,     '          
              

1.    
     
  ,       
          ,     
      
1.1.   ' 
          
     
 
  :    (     
)   (     )    
  :            

 
 :    
 ,    
 
 ,     
 :         
   
1.2.   ' 
            
  :   ,        
 
    :      ,   
       
    :         
          
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1.3.   ' 
     ,       
    
   :   ,    
        
    :         
   
1.4.    ' 
      
   :       ,  
      
     :            

  :           
 
1.5.   ' 
          '  
 
   :       
  
       
   :    
,              
1.6.    
:    ,      
  :         , 
       
 
 :  '  '    ,  
          
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2.     
           ,     
      -
   
 ,   
             
2.1.  ' 
     ,       '   
 
 :             
,      
   :         ,  
    
:           
  
2.2.     ' 
     ,      
  :         
    
  :    
 ,      

 :        '   ,
       
   ():  ,   '    ,    
 
2.3.      ' 
  :   
 ,        
 
  :          ,
       
   :        
 
2.4.   ' 
  :       ,       
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  :   ,     
:        ,    
 
2.5.   ' 
    '    
  :         
  :    ,     
  
    :         
    
2.6.   ' 
   :         
    
   :        
 (FAS)   ,         
2.7.     ' 
 :         

    :     ,  
     
  :           


3.       


  
 
    


,      

     ()
       
  

,   , 
 
  ,   , 
 
31


  


  ,    

 ,    



   
 
 
 ,   
 
4. 
                
 ' ,      ,    ,   
  
           
       
           ,     
         
    ,      , 
           

   ,          , 
     
8.    ?   /     
:  :   /   
   ?
                  
     , , ,     
          ,    , , ,
,  -   
       , , -19,    
  ,   /         '
   
    
32
  ?
               
        ,       ,
             ,  
    
   ?
            
   , 
  '        
    :
1.    
o               
o , , ,          

o        ,    
 
       ,       
 
2.    
o         ,      
'  ,              
  
3.    
o    ,    ,     

      
4.      (  )
o   
          ,
   
     

  :
   :        
   
   :          
33
    :  ,       
15          (  
)     '     
/    
/  ?
 (  )       
   ,             
  ,    (  )     ,
       
  ,       ,    '    
         
 
/   ?
1.   
o            
  (, ,   )   
o       ,   ,   
    
o            
 
2.      
o     
        , 
       
o              
     
3.      ( )
o  -   , ,     
    
o ,        (ART)  , 
        
4.   (   )
o            

 ,     
34
o ,      
         
     
5.   (    ')
o    (, , )    
 HIV       -  
 
/  
:
               
:
󽅂   ( ,  ,  )
󽅂 , ,    
󽅂   
󽅂   -  
/  :
    :       
    :     
 : 
  '  ,    '   

 (- ) :      - 
  HIV      
 '  :       
      
  /   

.../
  ()
   (HIV)
  , ,  
   
 , ,     ,
  
    
  (     
 )
, , , 
(  )
  ,  ,
,   
35

.../
  
,  -
     
  
,   
()     
   ,
   
 ,    , 


  /     ,    -  
     '      ,   /  
        
       
    ( ),  ,   
(/ )
             , 
 
            ,    
,        '   
:            ( )      
         , 
         